parenting scale score interpretation

[1] v&GEO#1- hyQ!KDH]zG^].<=Ei\r"{xgWn^YNOcO|'(Z_W~Kr15uU~zOfSzFGHK:_W+zCSAg4 (JhN55ORG=-3MtIMc|=ASHZQSG'!d-8mo+E17`>:lI27qJ$A}^yBZWcmKazLAWGeinz^S6ZWou{U44g{1$W?AX38Bk,JKam\bpVpBV3(A)Dl3bLghq2BV,j1=g6MCL;nmbR+fk`o]t!:d4sgG (2005). 2014), the Cleminshaw-Guidubaldi Parenting Satisfaction Scale (C-G PSS, Guidubaldi and Cleminshaw 1989) and the Comfort with Parenting Performance (CPP, Ballenski and Cook 1982), covered the widest range of ages. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1997). Australian Psychologist, 49(4), 241252. As PSE has been demonstrated to be a strong predictor of parenting functioning, its measurement should not be overlooked or assigned a minimal degree of importance in theoretical models of parenting or child development. http://www.jstor.org/stable/583923. Degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related are in fact related. What is the Conners rating scale for ADHD? - Medical News Today Parental self-esteem is ones judgement of worth as a parent, whereas PSE is ones judgement of personal capability to fulfil the role of a parent (Bandura 1997). There are no right or wrong answers and questions need to be asked as they are written in the questionnaire. 6. Parenting Stress Index, Full-length Version American Psychologist, 37(2), 122147. The psychometrics of the French-Canadian version of the PSI have also been studied in numerous studies. For four measures only, the authors reported on the responsiveness properties of their measures (11.76%). Bigras, La Freniere, & Dumas (1996) conducted regression analyses using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a rating of Insularity, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Father involvement in parent training: When does it matter? ,Y''q 00pO %)4R Thus, rnec et al. They provided evidence that Bandura and Adams (1997) four sources of information in addition to three core processes determine self-efficacy. PDF Parenting Sense of Competence Scale - University of Bristol . Many measures had just one subscale (n=16) but other measures included multiple subscales (n=18), ranging from two (e.g., BAP) to nine (TOPSE). Journal of Child Health Care, 22(4), 563-576. Mean age of mothers was 30.8 years (SD=7.4), mean age for fathers was 34.5 (SD=7.8), and the mean age for target children was 51.7 months (SD=39.6%). Five measures (14.71%) scored 0, indicating that no information could be found on target population involvement. Sanders, M. R. (2008). Fathers birthplace included: Puerto Rico (38%), Dominican Republic (22%), United States (15%), Ecuador (11%), and other Spanish-speaking countries (14%). Adapted by Johnston and Marsh (1989) for parents of older children. Glidewell and Livert (1992) described parental confidence as stable over time; it is not situation-dependent or situation-specific. This assessment accounts for personal factors, such as skill level, anxiety and desire, and situational factors, such as competing demands and distraction. 2. (2004) suggested that measures taking longer than 10min to complete were less desirable than measures that took less time, their choice of time limit was arbitrary and has only been reproduced for consistency. Lowe, N. K. (1993). Normative data were also collected from 200 fathers aged 18-65 (M=32.1, SD=6.01) Ethnic group composition was approximately 95% White and 5% African-American. The geneticenvironmental etiology of parents perceptions and selfassessed behaviours toward their 5monthold infants in a large twin and singleton sample. CHT !M8Cc{ L4B_NcXaOv n0}}:fkO( WxzD;W jnv:C#B.1C:bZWEsxJ/sblO& d)sJ1gCc3?#,gl8((:GPh>h_Su5jYWte"{ay]mN4AW H\j@ELP+kR@#vrnKyhqr>u9^kn;Seo=7cQ2.]6/SopE#w1>6GW1Mnk7]9{uO';mi.^IX~k]OBba_Wm1xE^={{{xxF Parental stress scale: validation study with a Portuguese population of parents of children from 3 to 10 years old. Miller, W., & Buelow, J. M. (2011). This analysis involves an individuals attributions as to why a particular performance level occurred. (2004). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. As previously described, terms related to PSE (self-efficacy, satisfaction, competence, confidence) have not been used consistently in the literature. [1] . Similarly, they argued that parental self-esteem is a separate concept. Please do get in touch at CORC@annafreud.org if you are aware of any information that may be of interest to users of the PSS as we may be able to update our webpage to include it. This measure assesses three areas of stress in the parent-child relationship: (a) child characteristics, (b) parent characteristics, and (c) stress stemming from situational or demographic conditions. The current review builds on the findings of a previous review of measures of parenting confidence. 0000037695 00000 n ]tR2r?^V\}b0h95pIZFe*TF[Cn*z\(^hIrm]; 4E5m~fDY> ,5sTsh>H^ZLBZ*("Od3N1%l}Q'D7Uu(j>/g-]=p'ZC =(rQ_ 75'hLf5Uu2VbToL#= ~3kaDk~[2] WP>a$"+[yrD lJEE!"7m{9H`R%yTH^cN`=KTi;T#Xr~?'OuY}e6 h'MT%+F**Uk|O}p c.LIdAVi.K(ZYXGfJUbmgzR*`#K]Wo~2$A" eqs^IONSdl;M9nO*$6Kf,d-AYw5rRh-ph;1>tCTXp+T}FGB|FUq@C'_wts\={\@v-*^Nv3 $*v\}@~>&H (2008). 1998). What does the Conners 3 global index measure? doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00128-3. Terminology has also been used interchangeably (e.g., MacPhee et al. Research in Nursing and Health, 31(5), 442453. Socioeconomic status was widely distributed. Sensitive to change resulting from treatment. Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory - BetterMind Software Useful in designing a treatment plan, for setting priorities for intervention or for follow-up evaluation. In addition, we sought to enhance comparability of measures and theoretical clarity by situating each measure within a single, overarching, evidence-based model of self-efficacy (Gist and Mitchell 1992). A review of scales of perceived parenting style - ResearchGate Participants ethnicity was 76% White, 11% African American, 10% Hispanic, 2% Asian, and 1% Other. Commonly administered in medical centers, outpatient therapy settings and pediatric practices. (1995). Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20(4), 372-378. PSE measurement has typically been via self-report measures. Campis, L. K., Lyman, R. D., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1986). Collecting and using evidence to enable more effective child-centred support, services and systems to improve children & young people's mental health and wellbeing. I will be using these STAR Reading test scores to help Matthew further develop his reading skills through the selection of books for reading practice at school. Following a concept analysis (De Montigny and Lacharit 2005) the terminology was clarified and the subtle difference between concepts was clarified. Unless otherwise stated, CORC is not the developer or copyright holder of these measures. As the C-G PSS and Parental Self-Agency Measure (PSAM, Dumka et al. endobj PSI scores have been found to predict later child behavior problems in at-risk samples (Goldberg et al., 1997). If a doubtful design or method had been used to calculate the MCID then the measure was assigned a score of 1, and if no information was presented, the measure scored 0. New York, NY: W.H. Jan Matthews, Christine Millward, Catherine Wade, Sarah L. Blower, Nicole Gridley, Maria Bryant, Cassandra L. Tellegen, Tianyi Ma, Matthew R. Sanders, Esteban Gmez Muzzio, Leyla Contreras Yvenes & Jos Pezoa Sandoval, Daniel Wright, Karli Treyvaud, Rebecca Giallo, Laura Pedrini, Clarissa Ferrari & Alberto Ghilardi, Sarah G. Curci, Linda J. Luecken & Michael C. Edwards, Journal of Child and Family Studies Parenting Stress Index - Fourth Edition (PSI-4) )UmB7;z@mf`H3S 2! doi:10.1002/imhj.21567. Sfx$d(is Zelman et al. By reviewing the content, each measure was ascribed a theoretical grounding based on Gist and Mitchells (1992) model of self-efficacy, in an attempt to clarify the measures theoretical grounding. PDF Alabama Parenting Questionnaire - CYFAR Their physiological and emotional states (e.g., confidence and happiness are more likely to instil a higher self-efficacy than anxiety and fear). Our review prioritised accurate terminology, theoretical grounding in SCT and the administrative and psychometric properties of the available measures but some limitations have to be considered. Parenting Scale scores were related to maternal ratings of child behavior and marital discord. A., Tennant, C., & Saunders, D. (1997). In contrast, far less attention has been paid to the assessment of reliability, MCID, responsiveness and criterion validity. Percentile (or %ile) scores are easier to interpret because they describe parent relative standing within all of the parents who were Solis, M.L., & Abidin, R. (1991). Please submit the scoring key as part of the level 4 or 5 evaluation packet to Triple P Cabarrus. You may disable these through your browser settings, but this may affect how the website functions. Most important, Parenting Scale scores correlated significantly with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior. 58 0 obj <>stream Benzies, K.M., Harrison, M.J., & Magill-Evans, J. Development and Utility of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Validity: This measure has been widely used and validated with a broad variety of populations including: mothers of developmentally delayed children, mothers of infants exposed to cocaine prenatally, clinical samples, parents of children with conduct disorders, parents of hyperactive children, parents of children with attention deficit disorder, depressed mothers, parents of children with various disabilities and physical illnesses, parents who have adopted children, grandparents, adolescents, and parents who have used in-vitro fertilization. Journal of Community Psychology, 22(3), 211-223. A Total Anxiety Scale score (sum of the 5 anxiety subscales) and a Total Internalizing Scale score (sum of all 6 subscales) are derived, with higher scores indicating increased symptom severity. endstream endobj 36 0 obj <> endobj 37 0 obj <>stream doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0089-z. Most measures utilised a Likert scale from which responses were either summed or the mean score was calculated (n=22, 64.71%). Please see here to access this version. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Mothers perceptions of their competence in managing selected parenting tasks. <> Secondly, based on an assessment of the scale content, the authors assigned each PSE measure to one or more of the domains identified by Coleman and Karraker (2000). The Parenting Stress Index, . Parenting Stress Index, Third Edition: Professional Manual. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 93-109. ISTSS - Child PTSD Symptom Scale They had higher scores on all domains and subscales except Sense of Competence and Attachment. These criteria were chosen for their comprehensiveness and a measure that performs well against these criteria is likely to be an appropriate and robust choice, but as previously stated any total scores need to be viewed as a guide for selection only. A Spanish version of the PSI is available from PAR, and its psychometric properties were investigated by Solis & Abidin (1991). Nixon, R.D.V., Sweeney, L., Erickson, D.B., & Touyz, S.W. Infant Mental Health Journal, 37, 222234. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(2), 97110. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.x. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 387396. doi:10.1177/1053815108320814. (2013). Lacharit, C., thier, L.S., & Couture, G. (1999). Vol 57(4), 550-553. Self-efficacy and parenting of high-risk infants: The moderating role of parent knowledge of infant development. Authorisation from the copyright owner should be gained before incorporating the PSS into any electronic system. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Understanding the Parental Stress Scale With a Foster Carer Cohort. Additionally, references of retrieved articles were screened for additional relevant studies. ASRS (2-5 Years) Parent Interpretive Report for abc Admin Date: 08/18 . 11. L.M., Sanderson, J., & Mertin, P. (1999). 0 p{ 3. If no information is found on construct validity then the measure scores 0. Twenty-one of the 34 measures were domain-specific measures which assess parents beliefs in their ability to complete specific tasks. This sample was considered to have high levels of stress. Data are from Abidin (1995). Elder Jr, G. H., Eccles, J. S., Ardelt, M., & Lord, S. (1995). What Is the Conners Scale for Assessing ADHD? - Healthline Sevigny, P. R., Loutzenhiser, L., & McAuslan, P. (2016). Abidin, R. A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x. The PSI has been used in numerous studies of adolescent mothers. Research in Nursing and Health, 12(5), 323329. The version was developed in response to clinicians' and researchers' need for a shorter . Correspondence to Fourteen of the 34 measures (41.18%) achieved the maximum score of 3 for this property, indicating that factor analyses had been performed on the scale with an adequate sample size (7* the number of items and 100), that Cronbachs alpha had been calculated for each subscale identified, and that these value fell between 0.700.95. Only a small number of measures were identified that regard the processes after an estimation of PSE is made, suggesting that measures within these theoretical areas have obtained less attention than the processes that help to determine PSE. Pennell, C., Whittingham, K., Boyd, R., Sanders, M., & Colditz, P. (2012). Updated normative pool to match demographic composition of the 2007 U.S. Census. Normative data is available for Portugal (Algarvio et al. Scaled Scores The search strategy based on PRISMA guidance (2009) was developed to identify references relating to the development and psychometric properties of self-report measures of PSE. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report measure designed to assess catastrophic thinking related to pain among adults with or without chronic pain. McMahon, C. A., Ungerer, J. Factorial validity was found in three separate analyses, one for each domain: Child Domain, Parent Domain, and overall. Although several criteria for an evaluation of outcome measures exist (e.g., McDowell and Jenkinson 1996), some of the most comprehensive criteria have been proposed by Terwee et al. The remaining measures (n=11, 32.26%) did not offer any information on interpretability (and so were scored 0). 13. Degree to which the same respondents have the same score after period of time when trait shouldn't have changed. Please register your use of the measure with the author and copyright owner: Judy O. Berry, EdD, Professor Emerita of Psychology, The University of Tulsa:judy-berry@utulsa.edu. Child Development, 67(6), 32783295. Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: the mediational role of maternal selfefficacy. Parenting Stress Index, Third Edition: Professional Manual. Clinician-, parent-, teacher- and self-reporting scales are available. If no convincing arguments are presented that the gold standard is gold or the design or method used to test the relationship is doubtful, the measure scores 1. However, parental or parenting self-efficacy (PSE) is often mislabelled as parental confidence, parental competence and parental self-esteem (Hess et al. Ross, C.N., Blanc, H.M., McNeil, C.B., Eyberg, S.M., & Hembree-Kigin, T.L. 0000009968 00000 n Google Scholar. Many measures were instead developed for a range of ages. (2002). _LP4i\]mv"5r?+-RCxt~60{?c?t_kh9S?$yaLI8&ume7sO'sw7:Mdf2?^9{.a.>CmXsc/S'YV~*Csv8MH,D~$?+r7-ydl2'\Kr dvdP\'>%|,Ze2E.\-jg96vF=ttvp:j|XG,M&BO' A-Z(kQtV8+JgYtV8+JgYtV8+rY+!#WE^>8qlX,&Ndb> : Measure: Parenting Scale - force.com There are three factors on the Parenting Scale: Laxness (LX), Over-reactivity (OR), and Barkley, R.A., Fischer, M., Newby, R.F., & Breen, M.J. (1988). Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1(1), 1625. endstream endobj 18 0 obj <> endobj 19 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>stream )u8! Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17(1), 14-24. Child abuse potential and parenting stress: Relationships in maltreating parents. The performance of the task is fed back into these sources to update the individuals level of self-efficacy. Only a few measures included items that were at the very start of this theoretical process, based on Bandura and Adams (1997) four sources of information that form self-efficacy. Scoring method - questions may require Likert . Efficacy questions are intended to understand how a parent feels about their parenting skills. Parenting stress in mothers of young children with oppositional defiant disorder and other severe behavior problems. Socioeconomic status, education, and employment status were widely distributed across the sample. The Parent Domain score of the PSI was a better predictor of these variables than was the Child Domain. The number of subscales on two measures, the Maternal Self-Confidence Paired Comparisons (MSPC, Seashore et al. PDF Interpreting the PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence Scale T-scores above 70 are usually a sign that. Parenting skills. (2010) referred to measures of PSE but explained that they preferred the term confidence to ease the readers understanding. For 12 measures, authors reported some information on the scores obtained by their samples, but did offer adequate information, instead scoring 1 out of 3 (32.26%). The majority of the measures were for parents of infants (preterm-13 months) and toddlers (1436 months) (n=17) (see Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0830-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0830-5. Gross, D., & Rocissano, L. (1988). If Yes, Specify Cutoffs: The normal range for scores is within the 15th to 80th percentiles. If the criteria for FA are met and Cronbachs alpha(s) calculated but they fall outside of the acceptable range (despite adequate design and method), then a score of 2 is given. Peer relationships as a source of support for adolescent mothers. The paucity of information in those areas may reflect the lack of a gold standard or the opportunity for extensive psychometric evaluation as part of one study. The theoretical grounding of each measure was clarified so that appropriate measures can be chosen under the relevant circumstances. Nine measures (26.47%) did not offer information on how to obtain a score. Respondents indicate how much they agree or disagree to each of the 18 statements. Domain-specific PSE measures assess parents beliefs in their ability to complete specific tasks of the parenting role for a child of a specific age (e.g., How good are you at getting your baby to have fun with you? Teti and Gelfand 1991). These included the Being a Mother scale (BaM-13, Matthey 2011), the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS, rnec et al. Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - NovoPsych Firstly, there is an assessment of task requirements, which encourages reflections on the skills needed so that the task can be completed successfully. endobj Nursing Research, 35(6), 352354. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 64-67. (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01914.x. The parental locus of control scale: Development and validation. In contrast, the 18 measures with the highest possible score of 3 were in articles in which the primary aim was an investigation into the psychometric properties of a measure. 2 0 obj The parent empowerment and efficacy measure (PEEM): A tool for strengthening the accountability and effectiveness of family support services. The PSI categories may be used toward: (a) screening for early identification, (b) assessment for individual diagnosis, (c) pre-post measurement of intervention effectiveness, and (d) research aimed at studying the effects of stress on parent-child interactions and in relation to other psychological variables. (Abidin, 1995, p. iv). doi:10.1007/BF01434585. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Different interpretations are presented for pretest scores and posttest scores for each of the subscales. PDF Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale One member of the research team (DW) reviewed the psychometric properties of each measure and another researcher, independent to the research team, reviewed eight of the 34 measures (24%). Revised to improve cultural sensitivity of language and to include fathers in the standardization sample. PDF Scoring Instructions for the NICHQ Vanderbilt Assessment Scales 18. With the exception of one measure (e.g., the Infant Care Questionnaire, ICQ; Secco 2002), no information was available on how parents could be distinguished from each other. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Research in Nursing and Health, 14(4), 279286. The psychometric properties mostly rigorously examined include content validity (18/34 obtained a maximum score), agreement (16/34), internal consistency (14/34), construct validity (13/34) and interpretability (12/34). The Parental Stress Scale revisited: Rasch-based construct validity for Parenting Stress Index (PSI) - Criminal Justice 0000006334 00000 n Family Relations, 49(1), 1324. Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting selfefficacy. 2. Anna Freud Centre, 4-8 Rodney Street, London N1 9JH Prediction of preschool behavioral problems in healthy and pediatric samples. Consideration should also be given to the construct of PSE, which is often viewed as either high or low. Development of an instrument to assess perceived selfefficacy in the parents of infants. Thirteen of the measures (38.24%) achieved the maximum score for this property, indicating that the authors had formed specific hypotheses about the relationship between scores on their measure and other measures of theoretically related constructs, with 75% of their findings being in accordance with their hypotheses. 27. 4. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(910), 14871494. Contains three validity scales: Lie, Random Response, and Inconsistency. If they took longer than 10min, the measure scored 2, while a score of 1 was given if the methods used to test the administration time were doubtful. PDF Construction and Validation of Scale of Parenting Style - ed 2008). Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). The primary clinical scale (Abuse) can be divided into six factor scales: Distress, Rigidity, Unhappiness, Problems With Child and Self, Problems With Family, and Problems With Others. Interventions such as group-based parenting programmes that target parental empowerment have positively influenced PSE (see Wittkowski et al. A review of the short form is included in the NCTSN Measure Review Database. Parenting stress has been found to be related to observations of parenting behavior (Chang et al., 2004). Theory and cases in school-based consultation: A resource for school psychologists, school counselors, special educators, and other mental health professionals. To compute the parental stress score, items 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, and 18 should be reverse scored as follows: (1=5) (2=4) (3=3) (4=2) (5=1). Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(9), 997-1017. endstream endobj startxref 2008) for parents of infants (0 to 12 months), the SEPTI-TS (22/36) (van Rijen et al. Effects of the new fathers network on first-time fathers parenting self-efficacy and parenting satisfaction during the transition to parenthood. Parental Stress Scale (PSS) - corc.uk.net Language other than English available: Chinese, Dutch, German, Spanish, Norwegian . Typically, measures assess the following four domains (e.g., Coleman and Karraker 2000): general or trait self-efficacy, domain-specific (also referred to as task-related), domain-general (also referred to as global) and narrow-domain (also referred to as task-specific). Replication and further validation of these scales are needed. defined eight attributes of measure properties that are essential to consider in a thorough high-standard evaluation: (1) content validity, (2) internal consistency, (3), criterion validity, (4) construct validity, (5) reproducibility, (6) responsiveness, (7) floor and ceiling effects and (8) interpretability. Pearsall, J., & Hanks, P. (1998). Developed in 1983; currently in 4th edition. Gist and Mitchell (1992) suggest that an analysis of task requirements is only necessary when the task is novel or has not been attempted. The measures and supported information displayed on our website are intended to serve as an easily accessible resource for individuals looking for information on how to measure children and young peoples mental health and wellbeing. Examination of the cross-cultural and cross-language equivalence of the parenting self-agency measure. Although an attributional analysis is necessary to estimate PSE, it is insufficient without an examination of a third assessment, the availability of specific resources and constraints so that a task can be performed. This represents around the 84th percentile meaning that around 16% of children would be expected to show a score at this level and suggests elevated anxiety. xref The PSS is intended to be used for the assessment of parental stress for both mothers and fathers and for parents of children with and without clinical problems. How do preschool children feel about themselves? Ready to register for Wellbeing Measurement for Schools? SRS 2 test, social responsiveness scale 2, social responsive scale 2, template, scoring, sample report, age range, interpretation, pdf . Percentile scores corresponding to each of the subscale raw scores are provided on the profile page. From Abidin (1995) The original norm group consisted of 2,633 mothers aged 16-61 (M=30.9) and their children aged 1 month to 12 years (M=4.9, SD=3.1). Ratings on this scale yielded a T-score of 72 (90% CI = 67-75), which is ranked at the 99th . The ICQ utilised a visual analogue scale and the Myself as a Mother and My Baby Scale (MaMS and MBS, Walker et al. Pridham, K. F., & Chang, A. S. (1989). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales | Third Edition - Pearson Assessments Purssell, E., & While, A. 15. 0000009170 00000 n The interpretation provides a variety of plausible treatment recommendations for a family based upon the ratings . The Teacher, Parent, and Student forms offer two types of scores useful for describing and evaluating students' . Paradoxically, there is a great deal of consistent research on the consequences of PSE (as summarised in Coleman and Karraker 2000), indicating that greater levels of PSE have beneficial and therapeutic consequences for individuals. stream Scores for the six subscales in the LV and the three subscales in the SV are presented on the NSCS Parenting Profile. Quality of Life Research, 11, 193205. A score of 2 is not assigned for this property. Scoring the Generic Core Scales. Articles were included if they introduced a new measure or were psychometric evaluations of an available measure of PSE for parents of children (from infancy until 18 years of age). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287310. Table2 provides a description of each PSE measure. The authors of the paper concerning the PSOC referred to responsiveness, but did not offer sufficient information to warrant a rating higher than 1. Items on the PedsQL Generic Core Scales are reverse scored and transformed to a 0-100 scale. In the Child Domain, the 6 factors accounted for 41% of the variance.

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