characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. <i>Objective</i>. will supply the domestic market. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Trade. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture >. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Agricultural products account for . Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about "National Statistical Abstract. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. ", Table D.2. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Section D. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. D. espite the countr. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Download. Agriculture. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. The Blue Nile River. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Washington, DC 20230. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Kassaye Tolassa . Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Cookies on OCLC websites. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. "National Statistical Abstract. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. "Agriculture" (and subsections). USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. 2. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Jorge Morales Pedraza. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. 2. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Merkebu Getachew. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Agriculture. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land.

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