Among the outbuildings on the estate, Miller added a four-car stone garage, an eight-room superintendents house, a gardeners cottage, three greenhouses and four barns. Margaret Carnegie Millers estimated Net Worth, fast cars, relaxing vacations, pompous lifestyle, income, & other features are listed below. Margaret Carnegie Miller has been a part of the Philanthropist list. Margaret Carnegie Miller rose to prime prominence as a Philanthropist. Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. Margaret was born on March 30, 1897 in . She was awarded the A.O. We recommend you to check the complete list of Famous People born on 14 March. Birth date: March 30, 1897, New York City, New York, United States Death date: April 11, 1990, Fairfield, Connecticut, United States Profession: Writer, Miscellaneous CrewChildren: Margaret Morrison Miller, Barbara Miller, Louise Carnegie Miller, Roswell Miller IIIParents: Andrew Carnegie, Louise Whitfield Carnegie. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Thomas M. Carnegie (1843-1886) "Notable People of Pittsburgh and Vicinity," Percy F. Smith, 1901. Mrs. Miller's marriage to Roswell Miller ended in divorce. Margaret Carnegie Miller - Net Worth 2018, Bio & Wiki Home / Margaret Carnegie Miller Margaret Carnegie Miller Edward Norton 0 888 Andrew Carnegie Net Worth Andrew Carnegie was born on 25 November 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, and is known as one of the giants of the latter period of the industrial revolution in the USA, Read More It was named Migdale after his wifes nickname, Midge. It is known that his initial wage was $1.20 every week. and our Margaret Carnegie Net Worth is $1.2 Million Margaret Carnegie Bio/Wiki, Net Worth, Married 2018 Margaret Carnegie Miller (March 30, 1897 - April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and heiress to the Carnegie fortune. The 34,000-square foot home was fitted with a number of modern amenities. Carnegie died at the age of 89 in Manhattan on June 24, 1946. Carnegie owned the money in the early 19th century when the value . (Order of Australia Medal) in the 1985 Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to art, literature, and local history in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Russell Miller, Margaret Carnegie's then-husband, had a 2,500-foot . Birth date: November 25, 1835, Dunfermline, United Kingdom Death date: August 11, 1919, Lenox, Massachusetts, United States Birth place: Dunfermline, Scotland, UK Height:5 3 (1.6 m) Spouse: Louise Whitfield Carnegie (m. 1887 1919) Children: Margaret Carnegie Miller Pictures Summary Wikipedia Source: Andrew Carnegie According to Wikipedia, Forbes & Various Online resource, Margaret Carnegie Millers estimated net worth Under Review. She was awarded the O.A.M. With family is Daughter: Margaret Carnegie Miller, Grandchildren: Roswell Miller III, Louise Carnegie Miller, Margaret Morrison Miller, Barbara Miller. Margaret Carnegie Net Worth. They had two daughters, Barbara and Gail. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Linda Thorell Hills, one of Andrew Carnegies great granddaughters, said her family has lived conservatively and privately, noting that it is easier to blend in since they are all descendants of his only daughter and none live with the Carnegie last name. and they also had beautiful children and Margaret Carnegie Miller. His only daughter, Margaret, received a small trust, and eventually they had to sell the townhome due to its costly upkeep, biographer David Nasaw said. . When Roswell Miller III was born on 14 December 1922, in New York City, New York, United States, his father, Roswell Miller II, was 28 and his mother, Margaret Cameron Carnegie, was 25. View popular celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages. Margaret Carnegie Miller (n. 30 martie 1897 - d. 11 aprilie 1990) a fost singurul copil al industriaului i filantropului Andrew Carnegie i unicul motenitor al averii familiei Carnegie. That said they were known to spend long periods at Skibo Castle in Scotland, the very structure after whichtheir home was designed. Dinner parties were held in a 20-by 30-foot dining room, and to maintain a tranquil atmosphere for adults, the house was also fitted with a separate dining room for children. I Love to read n write about Things that I find Interesting, Margaret Morrison Miller, Louise Carnegie Miller, Barbara Miller, Roswell Miller III, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, William Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie, Louise Whitfield Carnegie, Thomas M Carnegie. Carnegie's. Now the relatives have had to say goodbye to the island. 0 references. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Each of the first-floor rooms featured exposed beam ceilings and dark oak wood floors. When Andrew died in 1919, he left his wife her personal assets, a small cash gift and their property, which was a Manhattan townhouse and their holiday home in Scotland, Skibo Castle. She was also lovely and good looking. Margaret Carnegie Miller has been a part of the Philanthropist list. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Some Rockefellers lived there as well, after a few Carnegies married in. Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, and is regarded as one of the industrial revolution's giants in the United States, having established a virtual empire in iron and steel before retiring in 1901 and focusing on philanthropic endeavors. Son of Roswell Miller and Mary Louise Roberts Husband of Margaret Carnegie Father of Barbara Lawson; Louise Thompson; Roswell Miller, III and Margaret Morisson Finlay OBIT Published: September 22, 1983 Roswell Miller Jr., a retired civil engineer and real-estate executive, died Monday at the Sharon (Conn.) Hospital. Miller had four children (Louise, Roswell III, Barbara, and Margaret). There were 200 to 300 people there and I recall an impressive 6-foot-long fireplace and someone playing an organ while everyone sang. [5] Margaret Carnegie's marriage to Roswell Miller ended in divorce in 1953. He is presently among the few topmost earning dead celebrities from America and even from the whole world. Carnegie was born in the year 1835 in Dunfermline, situated in Scotland. His height was 1.6 m tall and weighed 85 kg. Margaret opened a small food store to add to the family's income. But I have always wondered what happened to Carnegie's descendent's? Often cited as one of the richest people in history, the elder Carnegie transformed his early modest existence into a life in which he owned numerous residences,including Skibo Castle in Scotland, a structure that datesto 1212. So, how much is Margaret Carnegie worth at the age of 92 years old? Still, she said theyre emboldened by his legacy. imported from Wikimedia project. For all time, at the moment, 2023 year, Margaret Carnegie earned $45 Million. I'm guessing the rest have just disappeared into obscurity? It was there that the extended family lived and the rest came to vacation in large wooden mansions filled with antique furniture and fine china. . Moreover, he was too regarded as one of the top profile philanthropists of his time. Margaret Carnegie Miller, Carnegie's Daughter: My father was a kindly, friendly man. The foundation was established by her father in 1911. The grounds featured a 35-by 75-foot swimming pool with three diving boards. LittleSis people ID. (Order of Australia Medal) in the 1985 Queen's New Years Honours List for her services to art, literature, and local history in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Margaret Carnegie Miller, Philanthropist, 93, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/21/obituaries/margaret-carnegie-miller-philanthropist-93.html. He was born on November 25, 1835, in America. Douglas Carnegie (1931 - 1998)( his death)( 4 children), Roswell Miller III, Louise Carnegie Miller, Margaret Morrison Miller, Barbara Miller. Got more information? For all time, at the moment, 2021 year, Margaret Carnegie earned $45 Million. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Andrew Carnegie Wiki Biography. Soon, that story took a turn that would soon make him one of the richest in America. Andrew Carnegie, n le 25 novembre 1835 Dunfermline en cosse (Royaume-Uni) et mort le 11 aot 1919 Lenox (dans sa proprit de Shadow Brook) dans le Massachusetts (tats-Unis) d'une pneumonie [1], est un industriel et philanthrope cossais naturalis amricain.Il est l'un des principaux acteurs de l'essor de l'industrie de l'acier aux tats-Unis la fin du XIX e sicle. With An Estimated Net Worth Of $400 Billion, Mansa Musa May Have Been The Richest Man Who Have Ever Lived. Pentru alte persoane cu nume similare, vedei Margaret Millar (dezambiguizare). Cooper-Hewitt person ID. We were 12-14 years old at the time and it was just wonderful.. At least in public. Barely anything is left of Andrews fortune, which was once valued on par with the oil tycoon Rockefellers and the banking Morgan family. Cookie Notice Your email address will not be published. She was awarded the O.A.M. This site will provide additional information on dress size & shoe size soon. The 13 fourth-generation members of Andrew Carnegies lineage now have the self-made wealth of white collar professionals. Home/ Margaret Morrison Miller Margaret Morrison Miller. Margaret Carnegie's income source is mostly from being a successful Writer. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. She was born March 30, 1897, to Mr. Carnegie and Louise Whitfield, whom Mr. Carnegie married when he was 51. Carnegie started off his career at the age of 13 years, during the year 1848, by working as a bobbin boy, altering spools of the thread within a cotton mill for around 12 hours per day, six days per week within a Pittsburgh cotton shop. He then formed Carnegie Steel, and sold it to JP Morgan in 1901 for $480 million (what today would be nearing $13 billion). 1897 330 . Freebase ID /m/02p_zsf. Link to Wikipedia biography Relationships child->parent relationship with Miller, Margaret Carnegie(born 30 March 1897) Margaret Carnegie Miller (March 30, 1897 - April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and Louise Whitfield, and heiress to the Carnegie fortune.. A native of Manhattan, New York City, from 1934 to 1973, Miller was a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a grant-making foundation. Margaret Carnegie Miller (March 30, 1897 - April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and Louise Whitfield, and heiress to the Carnegie fortune.. A native of Manhattan, New York City, from 1934 to 1973, Miller was a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a grant-making foundation. Before Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates began pushing the worlds billionaires to give away at least half of their fortunes, one of the wealthiest men of the 19th century penned an essay with the hopes that he would inspire other industrialists to do the same. . Biography Margaret Cameron Carnegie was born March 30, 1897 in Manhattan, New York City to Carnegie and Louise Whitfield, whom Carnegie married when he was 51 years old. [6] Miller had four children: Louise, Roswell III, Barbara, and Margaret, three grandchildren: Gail Boggs, Barbara Sanders and Pamela Morrison Mitchell. Required fields are marked *. If you do not know, We have prepared this article about details of Carnegies short biography-wiki, career, professional life, personal life, todays net worth, age, height, weight, and more facts. The foundation was established by her father in 1911. He left them enough money that they would be comfortable, but never as much money as the children of his fellow robber barons, who lived in enormous luxury, Nasaw said in a phone interview. She was named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret. Born in Scotland to poor weavers, Carnegie immigrated with his parents to an impoverished town in Pennsylvania in 1848. Walton Family . 2023 www.poughkeepsiejournal.com. He established two entrances to the estate, one along Route 44 west of the Hamlet of Mabbettsville, and the other on Butts Hollow Road. Many began donating their land to the National Park Service in the 1970s because, in part, they did not have the money to continue the upkeep. That wasnt going to happen with the Carnegies.. Andrew Carnegie was married with Louise Whitefield Carnegie and he had only one child Margaret Carnegie Miller. Was worth $400k at the age of 33 in 1868 - the same as $75 million today. Their wealth fluctuated over time, but Carnegie was the richest for a time as he was the worlds' first billionaire after selling his industry to Morgan, making him the richest man of the 19th century and going into the 20th. The Carnegie story began in mid-nineteenth century Dunfermline where his father was a handloom weaver of linen. The same year, J.P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel, and it became the worlds first company to have a market capitalization of more than $1 billion. A few dozen still live there, and their plots will go to the government when they die. Margaret Carnegie Miller: Dating: No: Profession: Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist: Net Worth in 2023: . Margaret Carnegie Miller is 1 of the celebs with the age 93 years (age at death) old. Carnegie Net Worth 2023: Age, Height, Weight, Wife, Kids, Bio-Wiki, Scottish-American industrialist, and philanthropist. This industrialists education and zeal for reading got boost through Colonel James Anderson, the person who started his library having 400 volumes to serving boys every Saturday night. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Moreover, his mom worked to support the family by helping her brother and also by vending sealed meats within her sweetie shop. Stressed to make ends meet, his family later agreed to shift to Allegheny in Pennsylvania during the year 1848 for the aim of having a better life. Louise was an influential member of the board of The Carnegie Corporation until her death in Manhattan on June 24, 1946, at the age of 89. Great grandchildren: Andrew Boggs, Morgan Boggs, Laura Draper, Courtney Evans Sweeney, Dylan Evans. As of March 2023, Carnegie had an estimated net worth of $310 billion. Carnegie and Louise had one child, Margaret Carnegie. 0 349 . Our family has been very much raised with the philosophy that our own individual lives are what we make of them.. Carnegies achievement is being recognized as one among the richest people (as well as the richest Americans) in history ever. He is also a philanthropist and has earned a considerable amount of . And with 10 bedrooms, nine bathrooms and another eight half-bathrooms, overnight guests were well accommodated, perhaps more so than in their own homes. Carnegie spent almost 90% of his life's earnings on charity. lease let us know. But that wealth has now also dried up, the descendants added. Yet unlike many on Forbess Richest Families in America list, Carnegie did not leave his descendants with a stake in the company he helped build. She is from NY. On this site which analyses celebrities, Margaret is well known as one of the top stars. He always wanted to be remembered as one who loved his fellow men. Moreover, he was a reliable borrower as well as a self-made man in his economic development as well as his cultural and intellectual development. During the year 1849, he turned as a telegraph messenger boy within the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, working at the worth of $2.50 every week, working on the reference of his uncle. As of 2023, The net worth of Andrew Carnegie is $500 Billion. The Thomson childrenMary, Louise, Betty, Margaret and Williamwere all born and raised in Scotland. Roswell Miller Jr.'s in laws: Roswell Miller Jr.'s father in law was Andrew Carnegie Roswell Miller Jr.'s mother in law was Louise Carnegie Roswell Miller Jr.'s grandfather in law was William Carnegie Roswell Miller Jr.'s grandmother in law was Margaret Carnegie Roswell Miller Jr.'s grandfather in law was John William Whitfield Roswell Miller Jr.'s grandmother in law was Fannie Miner Whitfield . The Roswells were wonderful people, said John Kading. Early Life: Carnegie was born on November 25 th, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland to parents Margaret and William Carnegie . We have estimated This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Biography Margaret Carnegie Miller rose to prime prominence as a Philanthropist. For other people named Margaret Miller, see, "Margaret Carnegie Miller, Philanthropist, 93", "Carnegie Descendant Finds Personal Stake in Historical Study", New York Times Obituary on April 21, 1990, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Carnegie_Miller&oldid=1140052274, Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses, Pages using infobox person with multiple parents, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 05:09. He has a child named Margaret Carnegie Miller. Andrew Carnegie Net Worth $310 Billion. Margaret Carnegie Miller. We had the island and thats it, said fifth-generation descendant Lucy Foster Flight. Scottish-American businessman Andrew Carnegie has an estimated net worth of $310 billion in 2013. Margaret continued her father's philanthropic . Afterward, he worked to make many investments within bridges, oil derricks, railroads as well as railroad sleeping cars. Her husband is Douglas Carnegie (1931 - 1998)( his death)( 4 children). Besides that, you will also gain information on Current Net worth as well as Margarets earnings, latest vehicles, luxury vacations. Photography: Envelope and card by Ardon Bar-Hama, all others courtesy of the Carnegie Hall Rose Archives. Their children and grandchildren make up a large fifth generation and a growing sixth. She is a member of famous Writer with the age 92 years old group. [3] Personal life During the divorce, she lost her Atlantic Beach summer house. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. He died in 1983, at 88 years old, while Margaret lived to the age of 93, passing away in 1990. Her net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. William Pierson Merril, pastor of the Brick Presbyterian Church, where Margaret and Mrs. Carnegie were members, and Rev. Let us know in the comments.. Margaret Carnegie Millers age 93 years (age at death) (as in 2019), height Unknown & weight Not Available. Margaret Carnegie Miller1897 330 - 1990 411 . At the time of his death, he had an estimated net worth of over $300 billion (in today's dollars). Margaret Carnegie Miller (March 30, 1897 - April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and heiress to the Carnegie fortune. Her name was Margaret Carnegie Miller. 1 reference. Narrator: That was not how Carnegie's daughter Margaret remembered her father. Margaret Carnegie Miller, the only child of Andrew Carnegie, the steel manufacturer and philanthropist, died on April 11 at her home in Fairfield, Conn. She was 93 years old. From 1973 until her death in 1990, she was an honorary lifetime trustee. But it. I know he had a daughter, and she had children. Exact sum is $45000000. His net worth is $480 million. Roswell greeted everyone as they arrived.. Andrew's main wealth came from his time in the steel industry, and at his highest peak, he was worth the equivalent of $325 billion if we're looking at inflation in 2022. He was famous as significant in the important growth of the steel industry within the U.S. throughout the late 19th century. King of steel gave away fortune worth pounds 2billion ANDREW CARNEGIE was the Bill Gates of his day - a pocket battleship, a little man . Andrew net worth was $ 480 million dollars. 0 references. On April 22, 1919, just four months before her father's death, Margaret married Roswell Miller, Jr. (1894-1983) [4] at the Carnegie family home at 2 East 91st Street in New York City.Officiating at the wedding were Rev. She married Robert Finlay in 1954. Also learn how She earned most of Margaret Carnegie networth? His spouse was named Louise Whitfield Carnegie and together they had one daughter named Margaret Carnegie Miller. Margaret Carnegie's net worth The money isnt there. Its safe to say there are plenty Carnegie heirs, as it is recorded that at the time of his daughter Margaret Carnegie Millers (1990) death she was survived by one of her four children, Barbara M. Lawson of Cranby, Colo.; 13 grandchildren; 26 great-grandchildren, and 2 great-great-grandchildren. ''He kept us. Mr. Carnegie died in 1919. 52889. [3] Miller was a successful civil engineer and real estate executive,and the wedding received extensive coverage in The New York Times. Upload media. Officiating at the wedding were Rev. When he died at age 42, his will divvied up his multimillion-dollar industrialist fortune between his wife and nine children. At a time when America struggled -- often violently -- to sort out the competing claims of democracy and individual gain, Carnegie championed both. Here is Forbes ' definitive ranking of the 50 richest families in America. Margaret Carnegies income source is mostly from being a successful Writer. Initially, he began earning money by working as a telegrapher. In his final years Carnegie's net worth was US$475 million but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic . Margaret Carnegie Miller (Andrew Carnegie's daughter) was 22 years old when Andrew Carnegie died. . Andrew and Louise were married for 32 years and had one child named Margaret. Making ones own way in life is a healthy way to be, Thorell Hills said. For more information, please see our Besides, he has established Carnegie Steel Company, the firm which he posts sold to J.P. Morgan for the worth of $480 million, having an equivalent worth of $13.2 billion during the year 2012. She was Carnegie's only child, and being brought up by her gave William a unique insight into the life of the legendary tycoon. In 2000, the current owners of Migdale purchased the estate and embarked on a four-year renovation of the four-story residence. He had beautiful . Well, if youre ready, lets start. "All is well since all grows better." That was his motto. The crown jewel of Thomass estate was Cumberland Island off Georgias coast, which Thomas bought in the early 1880s. Acquiring wealth. Exact sum is $45000000. We have estimated Margaret Carnegie's net worth, money, salary, income, and assets. From 1934 to. He was a great optimist Incurably so. Building a massive fortune: Carnegie's success in the steel industry made him one of the richest people in history. He was famous as significant in the important growth of the steel industry within the U.S. throughout the late 19th century. This celebrity has also been counted as part of famous people who are born on March 30. Margaret Carnegie Miller (March 30, 1897 - April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and heiress to the Carnegie fortune. His height and weight were normal, so he was very handsome. Henry Sloane Coffin, pastor of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church where Mr. Carnegie was a member. [1] She was educated at Lauriston Girls' School and then a finishing school in Switzerland. ; Andrew's net worth, according to Forbes magazine, would have been $310 billion at . From 1934 to 1973 she was a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the grant-making foundation established by her father in 1911. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); You have entered an incorrect email address! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. We will update Margaret Carnegie's Height, weight, Body Measurements, Eye Color, Hair Color, Shoe & Dress size soon as possible. When Margaret Carnegie was born in March 1897, the only child of Scottish-American industrialist and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, she entered a life of wealth and privilege. From 1973 until her death she was an honorary lifetime trustee. He worked six days a week, and times were still hard. Barbara Miller 1925-2002; Margaret Morrison Miller 1926-1982 Siblings. The foundation was established by her father in 1911. Each received a trust fund of about $10 million, several descendants. Andrew Carnegie net worth is $310 Billion Andrew Carnegie Wiki Biography. So, how much is Margaret Carnegie worth at the age of 92 years old? March 30, 1897, New York City, New York, United States, April 11, 1990, Fairfield, Connecticut, United States, Margaret Morrison Miller, Barbara Miller, Louise Carnegie Miller, Roswell Miller III, Andrew Carnegie, Louise Whitfield Carnegie, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [January 2009]. Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist who earned a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. [3], On April 22, 1919, four months before her father's death, Margaret married Roswell Miller Jr. (1894-1983)[4] at the Carnegie family home at 2 East 91st Street on Upper East Side. Featured as a part of Most popular Philanthropist. The man who dies rich, dies disgraced, he now-famously wrote. Net Worth: $475 million: Business: Carnegie Steel Company: Spouse: Louise Whitfield: Children: Margaret Carnegie Miller "Think of yourself as on the threshold of unparalleled success. At 92 years old, Margaret Carnegie height not available right now. She is survived by one of her four children, Barbara M. Lawson of Cranby, Colo.; 13 grandchildren; 26 great-grandchildren, and 2 great-great-grandchildren. 0 references. Margaret Carnegie's marriage to Roswell Miller ended in divorce. When he died at age 42, his will divvied up his multimillion-dollar industrialist fortune between his wife and nine children. From 1934 to 1973 Margaret was a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a grant-making foundation. A typical subject of rags to riches, Carnegie started earning money . Apart from building Carnegie Hall, Carnegie is even recognized as an originator of Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Corporation of New York and Carnegie Institution for Science. Apparently, Roswell invited everyone in the community to his annual event. Thomas was the younger brother of Andrew, also a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. We have done our research and today you can learn about Margaret Carnegie Millers Estimated Net Worth, Age, Biography, Career, Height, Weight, Family, Wiki. The foundation was established by her father in 1911. It was the height of the Gilded Age in 1889, and Andrew Carnegie, a pioneer in the steel industry, laid out why he would be donating the bulk of his wealth an estimated $350 million (worth about $4.8 billion today). . From 1973 until her death she was an honorary lifetime trustee. Entertaining was not a problem in the mansions 35-by 58-foot living room. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising.
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