white lotus rebellion

Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. . As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press As one Qing official complained:[9]. White Lotus - Wikipedia . - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Inventions That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. [citation needed]. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. id Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. ." ." In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The rebels are all our own subjects. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. At the . The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. "[5] The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Corrections? XIX Century Civil Wars. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Grandmother. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Update now. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Encyclopedia.com. Nothing is known of his end. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Imperial Mistakes Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China.

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